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Résultats 1 à 10 de 26 (page 1 de 3)
hyphens: compound adjectives
On this page Hyphenate Noun-plus-adjective compounds Noun-plus-participle compounds Noun-plus-gerund compounds Adjective-plus-noun compounds and participle-plus-noun compounds Adjective-plus-participle compounds Adjective-plus-noun-plus-“ed” compounds Preposition-plus-noun compounds Compounds ending in adverbs Compounds containing verbs Compounds of three or more words Compound proper adjectives Compounds containing colours Do not hyphenate Additional information Hyphenate Noun-plus-adjective compounds Hyphenate compounds with the structure noun-plus-adjective, whether they’re used before the noun or after the verb: He bought duty-free goods. / The goods were duty-free. Invest in tax-exempt bonds. / The bonds are tax-exempt. Noun-plus-participle compounds Hyphenate noun-plus-participle compounds regardless of the position: They skied down the snow-capped mountains. / The mountains were snow-capped. This was a time-consuming activity. / This activity was time-consuming. Exceptions: A number of noun-plus-participle compounds, including handwritten and handmade, are written as one word. Noun-plus-gerund compounds Hyphenate two-word compound adjectives consisting of a noun plus a gerund when they come before the noun: the decision-making process a problem-solving approach a profit-sharing plan a tape-recording session Adjective-plus-noun compounds and participle-plus-noun compounds Hyphenate adjective-plus-noun and participle-plus-noun compounds that modify another noun: present-day Derby full-time employment large-scale development special-interest groups working-class neighbourhoods compressed-air engine Also hyphenate adjective-plus-noun and participle-plus-noun compounds when they come after a linking verb (for example, be) and act as an adjective: The development was large-scale. Her position is full-time. But don’t hyphenate when they follow an action verb and they don’t act as an adjective: Development proceeded on a large scale. He works full time. Adjective-plus-participle compounds Hyphenate adjective-plus-participle compounds, whether they’re used before the noun or after it: Taradiddle is an odd-sounding word. / The word is odd-sounding. He was a smooth-talking con artist. / The con artist was smooth-talking. Adjective-plus-noun-plus-“ed” compounds Hyphenate compounds made up of an adjective plus a noun to which the ending -ed has been added, in any position in the sentence: able-bodied many-sided short-handed strong-willed Preposition-plus-noun compounds Hyphenate compound adjectives made up of a preposition and a noun: after-tax income in-service courses on a per-gram basis out-of-province benefits Compounds ending in adverbs Hyphenate compound adjectives that end with an adverb of direction or place (in, out, down, up, etc.) when they precede the noun: a built-up area a drive-by shooting all-out competition the trickle-down theory Compounds containing verbs Hyphenate a compound adjective that contains a finite verb: a pay-as-you-go approach a would-be writer a work-to-rule campaign Compounds of three or more words Hyphenate compound adjectives of three or more words that include an adverb or a preposition and are used before the noun: a long-drawn-out affair an up-to-date approach the cost-of-living index a subject-by-subject analysis on-the-job training Compound proper adjectives Hyphenate compound proper adjectives that form a true compound: the Anglo-Saxon period the Sino-Russian border the Austro-Hungarian Empire Greco-Roman art an Asian-Canadian author But don’t hyphenate those in which a proper adjective is combined with a simple modifier: Latin American governments Middle Eastern affairs North American interests Central Asian republics Compounds containing colours Hyphenate compound adjectives made up of two colours, whether they’re placed before or after the noun: It was covered with blue-green algae. It was blue-green. Hyphenate compound adjectives containing a colour that ends with the suffix -ish only when they precede the noun: The tree had bluish-green leaves. Don’t hyphenate adjectives indicating a specific shade (even if they precede the noun): dark green paint a bright red dress strawberry blond hair Do not hyphenate Don’t hyphenate French or foreign words used as adjectives or placed in italics: a pure laine Quebecker their a priori reasoning a fare bella figura mindset (Note, however, that adjectives already hyphenated in French or foreign languages retain their hyphen in English: avant-garde filmmaking, a laissez-faire approach, etc.) Don’t hyphenate proper nouns used as adjectives: a Privy Council decision a New York State chartered bank Don’t hyphenate words in quotation marks: a “zero tolerance” approach Don’t hyphenate chemical terms used as adjectives: a calcium nitrate deposit a sodium chloride solution Additional information hyphens: compounds beginning with adverbs hyphens: suspended compounds hyphens: nouns with gerundsSource : Writing Tips Plus (difficultés et règles de la langue anglaise)
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thank you, thank-you
The spellings thank you and thank-you are both correct, but they have different uses. thank you Without a hyphen, thank you is a verb with a direct object. We use this phrase to show our gratitude to someone: Thank you, Alan, for the lovely lawn mower! I want to thank you, Ms. Krishna, for your valuable help. thank-you With a hyphen, thank-you is either a noun or an adjective. As a noun, it means “a message of thanks”: Mark sent Joan a thank-you for the lava lamp she gave him. As an adjective, thank-you is used before a noun and means “expressing thanks”: I received a thank-you card from my stockbroker.Source : Writing Tips Plus (difficultés et règles de la langue anglaise)
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hyphens: prefixes
Follow these guidelines when deciding whether to use a hyphen after a prefix. Ex, self, all and quasi Hyphenate nouns or adjectives beginning with the prefixes ex (meaning “former”), self, all and quasi: ex-wife ex-premier Getty self-control self-assured all-inclusive all-powerful quasi-judicial quasi-stellar However, when self is the base word to which a suffix is added, do not hyphenate: selfish selfhood selfsame selfless SI/metric prefixes Write SI/metric unit compounds as one word: centimetre gigagram kilokelvins milliampere Other common prefixes Most words beginning with the following prefixes are written as one word: after, ante, anti, bi, co, counter, de, down, extra, infra, inter, intra, iso, macro, micro, multi, over, photo, poly, post, pre, pro, pseudo, re, retro, semi, stereo, sub, super, trans, tri, ultra, un, under and up. afterthought antecedent antiballistic bimonthly covalent counterclockwise decertify downturn extrasensory infrastructure interstellar intramural isometric macrocosm microscope multistage overestimate photovoltaic polyurethane postnatal preposition proconsul pseudonym readapt retroactive semiquaver stereophonic subspecies supernatural transcontinental triennial ultrasound unassuming underrate upswing upwind However, there are many exceptions. Check the Canadian Oxford Dictionary when in doubt, and see below for three specific types of exceptions. Hyphenate for clarity Use a hyphen when the word following the prefix begins with the same vowel as the one with which the prefix ends or when the compound’s appearance would be confusing without the hyphen: co-opt pre-eminent re-educate semi-invalid co-author de-icing Hyphenate to preserve a difference in meaning In certain cases, use the hyphen to preserve a difference in meaning between the hyphenated and the solid compound: re-cover (cover again) vs. recover (get better, get back) re-create (create again) vs. recreate (take recreation) re-solve (solve again) vs. resolve (settle) re-sign (sign again) vs. resign (quit a job) Hyphenate before proper nouns and adjectives Hyphenate a prefix joined to a proper noun or adjective: mid-July sub-Arctic neo-Christian trans-Siberian pro-Canadian un-American Exceptions: transatlantic, transpacific Chemical terms Hyphenate chemical terms preceded by an italicized prefix: cis-dimethylethylene ß-lactoseSource : Writing Tips Plus (difficultés et règles de la langue anglaise)
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hyphens: titles of office
Hyphenate compounds with the endings elect and designate: president-elect minister-designate Hyphenate most titles beginning with the prefix vice: vice-president vice-chairman Exceptions: viceroy, vicereine, viceregal Hyphenate the names of certain military and administrative positions in which a noun is followed by another noun, by an adjective or by a prepositional phrase: Lieutenant-Governor secretary-general aide-de-camp Commander-in-Chief sergeant-at-arms There are, however, many common exceptions to this rule; the following are some examples: Governor General Governor in Council Judge Advocate General Solicitor General Receiver General for Canada Note that in Canadian usage the hyphen is used in compounds designating military ranks such as Lieutenant-General, Vice-Admiral and Rear-Admiral, whereas the American practice is to omit the hyphen. Similarly, the official title of the second-highest-ranking official of the United States is Vice President.Source : Writing Tips Plus (difficultés et règles de la langue anglaise)
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hyphens: numbers and units of measurement
Follow the guidelines below in deciding whether to use a hyphen with numbers and units of measurement. Compound numerals Hyphenate compound cardinal and ordinal numerals from twenty-one (twenty-first) to ninety-nine (ninety-ninth) when they are written out: There are twenty-nine members on the committee. Compound adjectives containing a number Hyphenate a compound adjective in which one element is a cardinal or ordinal number and the other a noun: a two-car family a five-kilometre trek a $4-million project a first-class coach a third-rate play an 18th-century novel However, do not hyphenate the compound adjective if the number, written in full, is itself a compound: a two hundred and fifty millilitre flask In cases such as the above, use the abbreviated form (a 250 ml flask) if at all possible. For further information, see numbers in compound adjectives. Number before a symbol Do not hyphenate before a symbol that is not a letter: a 100 °C thermometer a 30% increase Do not hyphenate before a metric unit symbol: a 5 km trail 35 mm film a 100 W bulb Number before a possessive noun Do not hyphenate a possessive noun preceded by a number: one week’s pay 40 hours’ work three weeks’ vacation 10 months’ leaveSource : Writing Tips Plus (difficultés et règles de la langue anglaise)
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et cetera, etcetera, etc.
(A similar topic is discussed in French in the article etc./et cetera) The Latin term et cetera (“and the rest”) is usually written as two words in Canadian English. However, the one-word spelling etcetera is also correct. The abbreviation for this term is etc. (Note that the c comes last; the misspelling ect. is a common error.) Because it has become part of the English language, this term is not placed in italics, whether it is written in full or abbreviated. Use Et cetera and its more common abbreviation, Etc., are used to show that a list of at least two items is incomplete. The list may include either things or people: Karen tries not to eat chips, chocolate, et cetera, even though she loves junk food. Bart had read many bestselling Canadian authors: Michael Ondaatje, Margaret Laurence, Wayson Choy, etc. Etc.can also be used at the end of a bulleted list: Michael Ondaatje Margaret Laurence Wayson Choy etc. Since the expressions for example and such as already indicate that a list is incomplete, et cetera and Etc.should not be used at the end of a list introduced by either of these expressions or by the abbreviation e.g. Incorrect: Al often picks locally grown fruit, such as apples or strawberries, etc. Correct: Al often picks locally grown fruit, such as apples or strawberries. Correct: Al often picks locally grown fruit: apples, strawberries, etc. Note: Some guides suggest avoiding the use of etc. in formal writing. As an alternative, you can use such as to introduce a list, or follow the list with a phrase such as “and so on”: Maneesha loves any sports activities involving water, such as sailing, swimming and surfing. Maneesha loves any sports activities involving water: sailing, swimming, surfing and so on. Comma with et cetera A comma is used before et cetera and its abbreviation, etc.: I dislike doing yard work: mowing the grass, trimming the hedge, et cetera. When this term appears in the middle of a sentence, it takes a comma after it as well as before it: Yard work can fill up the summer; mowing the grass, trimming the hedge, etc., takes a lot of time. Period after etc. The abbreviation Etc. always ends with a period, regardless of any additional punctuation that may follow: Karen tries not to eat chips, chocolate, etc., even though she loves junk food. Avoid using feminine or masculine pronouns to personify animals, events, ships, etc.: [followed by a list of examples] Travellers should not carry sharp objects in their carry-on luggage (scissors, pocket knives, nail clippers, etc.). If etc. ends a sentence that takes a period, only one period is used: At the staff picnic, the employees ate, played football, chatted, etc.Source : Writing Tips Plus (difficultés et règles de la langue anglaise)
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hyphens: suspended compounds
When two or more compound adjectives contain the same word, to avoid repetition, writers usually omit that word from the compound(s) at the beginning of the series. Thus, first-class and second-class fares becomes simply first- and second-class fares, with the word class omitted in the first compound adjective. Note that the hyphen before the omitted word is retained: first- and second-class fares (not first and second-class fares). This structure is called a “suspended compound.” Here are some more examples: high- and low-pressure turbine interest- or revenue-producing schemes short- and long-term plans two-, four- and six-metre widthsSource : Writing Tips Plus (difficultés et règles de la langue anglaise)
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hyphens: fractions
Follow the guidelines below in deciding whether to use a hyphen in a fraction written in words. Fractions used as adjectives As a rule, hyphenate fractions used as adjectives and written in full: a one-third share a three-fifths majority Fractions used as nouns Usage is divided on whether fractions used as nouns should be hyphenated. Some style guides prefer to omit the hyphen in such fractions: Four fifths of the load was wheat, and one fifth barley. However, the traditional practice (and the one still recommended in most style guides) is to hyphenate fractions whether they are used as adjectives or as nouns: Four-fifths of the load was wheat, and one-fifth barley. Exception When either the numerator or the denominator is a number that already contains a hyphen, do not add a second hyphen: twenty-nine hundredths (not twenty-nine-hundredths) one thirty-second (not one-thirty-second)Source : Writing Tips Plus (difficultés et règles de la langue anglaise)
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hyphens: compounds beginning with adverbs
Follow the guidelines below in deciding whether to hyphenate different types of compounds beginning with adverbs. Adverb-plus-adjective Do not hyphenate compounds consisting of an adverb or adverbial phrase followed by an adjective, unless there is a danger of misreading: equally productive means a reasonably tall tree an all too complacent attitude Adverb-plus-participle Adverb-plus-participle compounds are among the most troublesome. The use of the hyphen depends in part on the type of adjective and in part on its location. Adverbs ending in “ly” Do not hyphenate adverb-plus-participle compounds in which the adverb ends in “ly”: richly embroidered fully employed Other adverbs If the adverb does not end in “ly,” hyphenate the adverb-plus-participle compound when it comes before the noun: ever-changing tides far-reaching events ill-educated person well-fed cattle Do not hyphenate when the compound follows the noun or pronoun and contains a past participle: She is well known. Arichat, located on Isle Madame, was considered a strategic site because its natural harbour was deep and well protected. This applicant is ill suited for the job. When the compound follows the noun or pronoun and contains a present participle, do not hyphenate if the participle has a verbal function, but hyphenate if it is adjectival in nature: The narrative is fast-moving. (adjectival) but The narrative is fast moving toward a climax. (verbal)Source : Writing Tips Plus (difficultés et règles de la langue anglaise)
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hyphens: compound nouns
A compound noun is simply a compound that functions as a noun. Usually, a compound noun will contain a noun as one of its elements. But that doesn’t have to be the case. For example, sing-along is a compound formed from a verb and an adverb, but it functions as a noun: The children enjoyed the sing-along around the campfire. Follow the guidelines below in using hyphens with compound nouns. Hyphenate two nouns representing different but equally important functions, i.e. where the hyphen denotes the relationship “both A and B”: city-state comedy-ballet dinner-dance soldier-statesman tractor-trailer writer-editor Hyphenate nouns normally written as two words, when they have a modifier and when ambiguity would otherwise result: colour filter but red colour-filter letter writers but public letter-writers Similarly, compound nouns normally written as a single word must be separated into their component parts and then joined to their modifier by a hyphen when the modifier applies only to the first part: ironworker but structural-iron worker housekeeper but lodging-house keeper Hyphenate compound units of measurement made by combining single units that stand in a mathematical relationship to each other: car-miles kilowatt-hours light-year person-day Hyphenate compounds that include a finite verb: a has-been a stay-at-home a sing-along a stick-in-the-mud a Johnny-come-lately a ne’er-do-well Hyphenate nouns of family relationship formed with great and in-law: mother-in-law great-grandfather but foster father half sister stepson godmotherSource : Writing Tips Plus (difficultés et règles de la langue anglaise)
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