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punctuation: spacing
As a general rule, in English there is no space before and one space after a punctuation mark. Exceptions follow. Period No space before or after a decimal period between numerals: 10.6 million Canadians $7.45 A space before and none after a decimal period not preceded by a numeral: a .22 calibre rifle A space after a period following a person’s initial: W. S. Avis No space before or after a period in multiple numeration: subsection 2.5.12 No space before or after a period that is followed by a comma or a closing quotation mark, parenthesis or bracket: John Fraser Jr., Ellen Putniak and George Zeller were nominated. (See Chapter 21.) No space before the periods following the capital letters in the official abbreviations of provinces and territories, and no space after such periods except the last one: P.E.I. Y.T. Ellipsis points A space before, between and after ellipsis points: There was little he could say . . . so he said nothing. Note: There is an alternative format for the ellipsis. It requires no spaces between the ellipsis points (…). However, a space is inserted before and after the ellipsis when it is used between two words (“Interviews … have”), between a comma and a word (“In fact, … we have”), or between end punctuation and the beginning of a new sentence (“fell drastically. … But”). Question mark and exclamation mark No space before or after a question or exclamation mark that is followed by a closing quotation mark, parenthesis or bracket: The delegate added, "Is it not high time we tightened our belts and dealt with the deficit?" Comma No space before or after a comma that is followed by a closing quotation mark: "Stop procrastinating," she said. The terms "interfacing," "conferencing" and "downsizing" are now part of the language of business. No space before or after a comma used to separate triads in numbers (see Note 2 in 5.09 Decimal fractions): $12,670,233 Colon No space before or after a colon used to express ratios or the time of day in the 24-hour system, or to separate chapter and verse, volume and page, act and scene in references to books, plays, etc.: a slope of 1:4 We arrived at 15:30 Psalms 39:5 Parentheses and brackets One space before and none after an opening parenthesis or bracket within a sentence; no space before or after a closing parenthesis or bracket that is followed by a punctuation mark: Please read the enclosed booklet (Using Your Modem); it will help you take full advantage of your new communication tool. No space before or between parentheses enclosing subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, etc., in citations from legislation: subparagraph 123(4)(b)(ii) Em dash, en dash and hyphen No space before or after these marks when they are inserted between words, a word and a numeral, or two numerals: I will support you in any way I can—even to the point of silence. —Eugene Forsey a few 90-cent stamps pp. 134–200 Oblique No space before or after an oblique used between individual words, letters or symbols; one space before and after the oblique when one or both of the items it separates contain internal spacing: n/a thesaurus / collocation dictionary Language and Society / Langue et société Apostrophe No space before or after an apostrophe within a word. One space before and none after an apostrophe used to indicate omitted figures in dates: the committee’s report the employees’ suggestions the class of ’79 Quotation marks One space before and none after an opening quotation mark within a sentence; no space before or after a closing quotation mark that is followed by a punctuation mark: The Minister spoke of "a full and frank discussion with all parties"; a resolution to the conflict is expected within the week.Source : Writing Tips Plus (difficultés et règles de la langue anglaise)
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commas in a date
Use a comma to separate the day of the week from the date and the day from the year: Friday, February 13 (but Friday the thirteenth) Monday, October 26, 2015 When the date appears in a sentence in the sequence month-day-year, a comma is needed after the year as well as before it (except when the comma is replaced by a stronger mark of punctuation): He worked in my department from May 20, 2001, until October 28, 2003, when he accepted another assignment. We planned to finish the project by January 8, 2009; however, we completed the work on December 15, 2008. But when the day is omitted, there is no comma either before or after the year: He worked in my department from May 2001 until October 2004. The Esplanade Riel pedestrian bridge opened in December 2003. When the date is written in the sequence day-month-year (a style more common outside of North America), commas are not used: He worked in my department from 20 May 2001 until 28 October 2003.Source : Writing Tips Plus (difficultés et règles de la langue anglaise)
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4 differences between English and French writing conventions
An English blog post outlining a few differences between English and French writing conventions.Writing conventions are essential to communication. For example, a simple comma can change the meaning of a sentence entirely; whether or not a word is capitalized can completely transform the message. When you’re writing a text in your second or third language, how can you avoid mistakes that might misrepresent what you’re trying to say? In this post, I present four differences in English and French punctuation and typography—four differences that can change everything! Commas and lists English and French usage differs when it comes to the comma before the “and” that precedes the last item of a list. In English, this comma is still widely used, even if, according to some sources, it’s becoming increasingly less recommended. It can be used to emphasize the last item of a list, but it doesn’t necessarily have a specific function. In French, this comma isn’t frequently used, but when it is, it’s used primarily to emphasize the last item of a list. Examples of comma usage before the last item in a list, in English and French English French They’re bringing bread comma, cheese and a cake. Ils apportent du pain comma, du fromage et un gâteau. They’re bringing bread comma, cheese comma, and a cake. Ils apportent du pain comma, du fromage comma, et un gâteau. (emphasis on un gâteau) Commas and numbers Where numbers are concerned, the comma is used in completely different ways in the two languages. In English, the comma separates triads, and the period is used as a decimal marker. In French, the comma is used as the decimal marker. Examples of comma usage in numerical expressions, in English and French English French 9,123,456.78The number nine million one hundred and twenty-three thousand four hundred and fifty-six point seventy-eight is written “nine comma one two three comma four five six period seven eight.” 9 123 456,78The same number is written “nine space one two three space four five six comma seven eight.” This means that the following items represent different numbers, depending on whether they’re being read in English or French: 2,197Two comma one nine seven km (2,197two thousand one hundred and ninety-seven km in English and around 2 km in French) 56,687Fifty-six comma six eight seven $ ($56,687fifty-six thousand six hundred and eighty-seven dollars in English and around $57fifty-seven dollars in French) 9,264Nine comma two six four s (9,264nine thousand two hundred sixty-four seconds in English and around 9 seconds in French) Didn’t I say that a simple comma could change everything?! Dashes Ah, dashes. So versatile in English, but much less so in French. Simply put, in French the dash is used mainly to highlight a passage. In nearly all other cases, French prefers another punctuation mark. Examples of dash usage, in English and French English French I thought he would bring peanuts unspaced em dash —but no. Je pensais qu’il apporterait des arachides spaced en dash – mais non. He is spaced en dash – as I recall spaced en dash – allergic. Il est spaced en dash – si j’ai bonne mémoire spaced en dash – allergique. I did not see her unspaced em dash —I left before she arrived. Je ne l’ai pas vue colon : je suis partie avant qu’elle arrive. But then guess what spaced en dash – the sun came out! Mais alors devinez quoi ellipsis points … il s’est mis à faire soleil! I’d like to point out that, in English, the spaced en dash can be used in place of the unspaced em dash. Capital letters The use of capital letters in proper nouns and in official names is much more common in English than in French. Here’s the rule in a nutshell: In English, every word is capitalized (except for certain articles, prepositions and conjunctions). In French, the first noun (and, if needed, its preceding adjective) is capitalized. Examples of capitalization of proper nouns, in English and French English French Let’s celebrate National Child Day. Let’s celebrate National Child Day, with capitals on “National,” “Child” and “Day.” Soulignons la Journée nationale de l’enfant. Soulignons la Journée nationale de l’enfant, with a capital on only the word “Journée. ” I’m reading the book Friend of My Youth. I’m reading the book Friend of My Youth, with capitals on “Friend,” “My” and “Youth.” Je lis le livre Amie de ma jeunesse. Je lis le livre Amie de ma jeunesse, with a capital on only the word “Amie. ” The First World War is also known as the Great War. The First World War is also know as the Great War, with capitals on “First,” “World” and “War,” as well as on “Great” and “War.” La Première Guerre mondiale est surnommée la Grande Guerre. La Première Guerre mondiale est surnommée la Grande Guerre, with capitals on “Première” and “Guerre,” as well as on “Grande” and “Guerre.” To illustrate the importance of this convention, compare the following two sentences in English: Many people work for Gaspé Shipbuilders (here, “Gaspé Shipbuilders Gaspé Shipbuilders, with a capital “S”” refers to the name of a shipyard company). Many people work for Gaspé shipbuilders (here, “Gaspé shipbuilders Gaspé shipbuilders, with a lowercase “s”” refers to all shipyards in Gaspé). The Language Portal site contains a series of quizzes on punctuation and typography in both official languages (see quizzes on punctuation (opens in new tab) and quizzes on style and writing conventions (opens in new tab)). If you’re interested in learning about other differences between Canada’s official languages, you might like this post: 3 stylistic differences between English and French (opens in new tab). I invite you to continue the discussion in the comments: What other differences have you noticed between the writing conventions of your first language and those of your second or third language? Sources View sources consulted Canada. Translation Bureau. Clés de la rédaction (opens in new tab) (in French only). Canada. Translation Bureau. Peck’s English Pointers (opens in new tab). Canada. Translation Bureau. Writing Tips Plus (opens in new tab). Quebec. Office québécois de la langue française. Vitrine linguistique (opens in new tab) (in French only).Source : Blogue Nos langues (billets de collaborateurs)
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