Introduction
The Interdepartmental Terminology Committee on Equity, Diversity and Inclusion was established to co-develop a guide on the key terms and concepts related to equity, diversity, accessibility and inclusion in response to the Clerk of the Privy Council's 2021 Call to Action on Anti-Racism, Equity, and Inclusion in the Federal Public Service. Co-chaired by Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC), Women and Gender Equality Canada (WAGE) and the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat (TBS), the Committee has representatives from more than 20 federal departments and agencies.
The main objectives of this bilingual guide are to help improve understanding of concepts related to equity, diversity, accessibility and inclusion, and to provide a unified frame of reference for federal departments and agencies. To help meet these objectives and ensure that the perspectives of equity-denied groups were acknowledged and taken into account, Committee representatives went through three rounds of consultations, giving subject-matter experts and people with lived experience from various organizations, departments and agencies an opportunity to provide feedback. These consultations included not only WAGE, TBS, and PSPC, but also the Canada School of Public Service; Canadian Heritage; Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada; Employment and Social Development Canada; Indigenous Services Canada; Library and Archives Canada; the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; the Public Service Commission; Statistics Canada; as well as the LGBTQ2 Secretariat, anti-racism secretariats and other parties concerned with equity, diversity, accessibility and inclusion. Over 2000 comments were received, analyzed and taken into consideration.
During the more than 12 months of co-development of the Guide, there were evolving conversations surrounding the inclusion of Indigenous terms. There has been and remains a unique relationship between the Crown and Indigenous Peoples, who have resided here since time immemorial. By including certain Indigenous terms, the Committee does not intend to dilute the importance of this unique relationship, nor does it claim that the Guide is a comprehensive representation of it. The terms are included in order to recognize that Indigenous people are part of the diversity and inclusion conversation, and progress in these areas can contribute to the government priority of reconciliation.
In the context of equity, diversity, accessibility and inclusion, it is clear that the terminology will continue to evolve and never be completely neutral. For this reason, most entries in this guide contain definitions and usage notes that offer explanations on the particular use of the terms. It is not uncommon, for example, for once socially unacceptable terms to be reappropriated by systemically marginalized groups as a marker of pride or belonging. As language evolves, the Guide will be regularly updated and enhanced with new concepts.
In a similar vein, it is important to recognize that not everyone will agree on some of the terms or definitions used to refer to the identity of a person or group of people. While this resource provides guidelines to the federal public service regarding which terms to use, it is always best to address a person or a group of people in the way they prefer.
This guide is meant to be a starting point for users to develop the skills and knowledge necessary to help build a fully inclusive public service and engage with others with empathy, curiosity and reflection. Of course, it does not replace everything that can be learned directly from people with lived experience, nor what can be learned through reading or taking training.
The Committee wishes to thank all those who took the time to participate in meetings, send in comments, and review multiple definitions and usage notes. This endeavour would not have been possible without all those who passionately contributed to the co-development of the Guide on Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Terminology.
User guide
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Parts of speech, gender and number (for example, noun, verb, adjective, plural and in French, "nom," "nom masculin," "nom féminin," "nom pluriel," "nom masculin pluriel," "nom féminin pluriel," "adjectif," "adjectif masculin," "adjectif féminin," "verbe") refer to the entire term.
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The "See also" at the bottom of an entry indicates a cross-reference to related terms.
Each entry contains a modification date.
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2
A
ableism
Terms
- ableism (noun)
- ablism (noun)
Definition
Prejudice and discrimination against people with a disability.
accessibility
Terms
- accessibility (noun)
Definition
The quality of an environment that enables a person to access it with ease.
accommodation
Terms
- accommodation (noun)
- accommodation measure (noun)
Definition
In the context of work, a measure taken by management based on the personal circumstances of an employee that is designed to enable them to carry out their duties and fully participate in work-related activities.
Notes
Some examples of accommodations are acquiring or modifying equipment, software or devices, modifying work schedules, or providing assistance through support services.
acculturation
Terms
- acculturation (noun)
Definition
The process by which a person or a group of people from one culture adopts cultural characteristics of another culture while retaining their own culture.
Notes
An immigrant in Canada who speaks English or French outside the home, but speaks another language at home is an example of acculturation.
Not to be confused with "assimilation," in which a person or group of people is pressured or forced to abandon their beliefs, language or customs.
See also
- assimilation
- colonization
ageism
Terms
- ageism (noun)
Definition
Prejudice and discrimination based on age or on stereotypes related to age.
Notes
Ageism can affect people of all ages, whether they are a child, a young adult or a mature adult.
Examples of ageism in a work context include imposing retirement on older people, assuming young people lack experience and dismissing their input, only providing learning opportunities to younger people and not considering a person for a promotion or a raise because of their age.
ally
Terms
- ally (noun)
Definition
A person who actively seeks to learn about the challenges of a person or group of people experiencing discrimination and who works in solidarity with them to fight against oppression.
Notes
Being an ally is not simply a matter of identity; it involves taking action. Allies can take action in a variety of ways. They can advocate for the rights of those who experience discrimination or help support their needs. They can also work actively from within social, political or economic structures to challenge and eliminate oppressive policies and practices.
Ideally, an ally recognizes and understands their own privilege, which they can use to help those they have allied with. An ally can also experience discrimination in one area of their life, even if they have certain privileges in another. For example, an Indigenous man may experience discrimination as an Indigenous person but have certain privileges as a man. An Indigenous man can therefore be an ally to women. Similarly, a gay man can be an ally to trans people.
See also
- allyship
- privilege
allyship
Terms
- allyship (noun)
Definition
A process in which a person becomes involved in efforts to end the discrimination and oppression experienced by a group of people to which the person does not belong.
Notes
Allyship is often broken down into various stages that are all part of a continuum. These stages generally include becoming aware of the issues, becoming more informed and educated, educating others and actively advocating against discrimination and oppression.
See also
- privilege
- ally
anti-racism
Terms
- anti-racism (noun)
Definition
The conscious opposition to racist theories, attitudes and actions.
Notes
Anti-racism is not just about being against the idea of racism. It is also about taking active steps to fight against it.
antisemitism
Terms
- antisemitism (noun)
Definition
Prejudice, hostility, discrimination and hatred towards Jewish people.
assimilation
Terms
- assimilation (noun)
Definition
The process by which a person or group of people is pressured or forced to abandon their beliefs, language or customs and adopt those of the dominant culture.
Notes
Assimilation can lead to the disappearance of a culture.
Not to be confused with "acculturation," in which a person or group of people retains their own culture.
See also
- acculturation
- colonization
audism
Terms
- audism (noun)
Definition
Prejudice and discrimination against deaf or hard of hearing people.
Notes
Deaf or hard of hearing people can experience audism from hearing people as well as other deaf or hard of hearing people.
Examples of audism include not making an effort to communicate with deaf or hard of hearing people, being unwilling to accommodate their hearing needs and insisting that they conform to hearing society.
B
barrier
Terms
- barrier (noun)
Definition
A physical, structural, technological, socioeconomic or cultural obstruction, or one that is related to information, communications, attitudes or mindsets, that hinders the full and equal participation of a person or group of people in society.
Notes
The term "barrier" is defined in the context of people with disabilities in the Accessible Canada Act.
See also
- systemic barrier
bias
Terms
- bias (noun)
- prejudice (noun)
Definition
A preconceived judgment that is held by a person and that influences their perception of or their behaviour towards another person or group of people.
Notes
Everyone has biases. Several factors contribute to the development of these preconceptions, including culture, education, life experience, comments heard, the media and the influence of institutions.
Biases can be manifested through favouritism towards or discrimination against a person or group of people based on factors such as race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, ability, age, religion or socioeconomic status.
See also
- unconscious bias
biphobia
Terms
- biphobia (noun)
Definition
The disdain for or hatred of bisexual people or people perceived as bisexual that leads to discrimination or hostility towards them.
Black, Indigenous and non-white people
Black, Indigenous and people of colour
Terms
- Black, Indigenous and people of colour (plural noun phrase)
- BIPOC (plural noun)
- Black, Indigenous and non-white people (plural noun phrase)
Notes
The abbreviation "BIPOC" is used to refer to people of colour and was designed to emphasize the particular experiences of Black people and Indigenous people with discrimination as contrasted with other non-white groups of people.
Although the abbreviation "BIPOC" is frequently used in verbal and written communication, its use is not accepted by all. Some people believe that it highlights the fact that the different groups named in the abbreviation have different experiences with discrimination, whereas others believe that it lumps together and blurs the distinct identities and experiences of these groups.
Some people prefer the term "people of colour" over "non-white people," or vice versa, for various reasons. For example, the term "people of colour" implies that "white" is not a colour, while the term "non-white people" implies that being white is the norm.
Since the abbreviation "BIPOC" refers to a grouping of people, expressions such as "BIPOC person" and "BIPOC people" are redundant and should be avoided.
See also
- person of colour
- racialized
Black person
Terms
- Black person (noun)
- Black (avoid, noun)
Definition
A person belonging to any of various population groups of especially African ancestry often considered as having dark pigmentation of the skin but in fact having a wide range of skin colours.Source 1 for term Black person
Notes
Some Black persons may choose to refer to themselves and members of the same racial group as "a Black" or "Blacks"; however, the use of the noun in the singular and the plural by non-Black people can be offensive and should therefore be avoided in favour of using the adjective "Black," such as in "a Black person."
C
co-development
Terms
- co-development (noun)
Definition
A process in which people with different perspectives work together on a jointly defined matter to meet common objectives.
Notes
In this process, all parties are responsible for decision-making.
Co-development is based on mutual respect and recognition of the rights and cultural differences of the parties involved. It requires trust, understanding and transparency between the parties and an open and ongoing dialogue.
colonialism
Terms
- colonialism (noun)
Definition
A political doctrine by which a country or state takes control of a foreign territory for the purposes of occupying and exploiting it.
See also
- colonization
colonization
Terms
- colonization (noun)
Definition
The process by which a country or state takes control of a foreign territory through its occupation and exploitation.
Notes
Colonization usually involves relocating part of the population from the colonizing country or state to a new territory. The colonizers settle in the new territory while maintaining their allegiance to their country or state of origin.
The colonizers hold power at the expense of the original inhabitants of the territory. This often results in the marginalization of these inhabitants.
Some countries or states used what is known as the doctrine of discovery to justify the colonization of foreign territories.
See also
- colonialism
colourism
Terms
- colourism (noun)
- shadeism (noun)
Definition
Discrimination based on skin colour, often resulting in people with a lighter skin tone being favoured over those with a darker skin tone.
Notes
Members of a racial or ethnic group can experience colourism from other members of the same group.
See also
- racism [2]
cultural appropriation
Terms
- cultural appropriation (noun)
Definition
The adoption of elements of the culture of a historically marginalized or oppressed group of people, done by people from another culture, in a manner that is seen as inappropriate.
Notes
Cultural appropriation is usually done for personal gain or commercial profit by people belonging to a dominant group. It often reflects a power imbalance between cultural groups.
The use of a stereotypical image of an "Indian" in a logo is an example of cultural appropriation.
D
decolonization
Terms
- decolonization (noun)
Definition
A process that consists of challenging and dismantling colonial ideas, values and practices embedded in society in order to restore Indigenous ways of knowing, being and doing.
Notes
Decolonization aims to shift the way Indigenous people view themselves and the way non-Indigenous people view Indigenous people.
See also
- indigenization
- reconciliation
disability
Terms
- disability (noun)
- handicap (avoid, noun, obsolete)
Definition
A physical, mental, intellectual, cognitive, sensory, learning or communication impairment, or a functional limitation, whether apparent or not, and permanent, temporary or episodic in nature, that hinders a person's full and equal participation in society when they face a barrier.
Notes
Although the term "handicap" has long been used to refer to this concept in North America and other English-speaking regions, "disability" is now preferred. Used as a noun, "handicap" is considered to be outdated and can be considered offensive.
See also
- functional limitation
- person with a disability
discrimination
Terms
- discrimination (noun)
Definition
The unjust or prejudicial treatment of a person or group of people that deprives them of or limits their access to opportunities and advantages that are available to other members of society.
Notes
The Canadian Human Rights Act sets out the following prohibited grounds of discrimination: race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, marital status, family status, genetic characteristics, disability and conviction for an offence for which a pardon has been granted or in respect of which a record suspension has been ordered.
diverse workforce
Terms
- diverse workforce (noun)
Definition
A workforce made up of persons who have a variety of identities, abilities, backgrounds, cultures, skills, perspectives and experiences.
diversity
Terms
- diversity (noun)
Definition
The variety of identities found within an organization, group or society.
Notes
Diversity is expressed through factors such as culture, ethnicity, religion, sex, gender, sexual orientation, age, language, education, ability, family status or socioeconomic status.
E
equality
Terms
- equality (noun)
Definition
The principle of treating everyone in the same manner by ensuring they have access to the same resources and opportunities.
Notes
Equality does not necessarily lead to fair outcomes since it does not consider people's unique experiences and differing situations.
See also
- equity
equity
Terms
- equity (noun)
Definition
The principle of considering people's unique experiences and differing situations, and ensuring they have access to the resources and opportunities that are necessary for them to attain just outcomes.
Notes
Equity aims to eliminate disparities and disproportions that are rooted in historical and contemporary injustices and oppression.
See also
- equality
equity-denied group
Terms
- equity-denied group (proposal, noun phrase)
- equity-deserving group (noun phrase)
- equity-seeking group (noun phrase)
Definition
A group of people who, because of systemic discrimination, face barriers that prevent them from having the same access to the resources and opportunities that are available to other members of society, and that are necessary for them to attain just outcomes.
Notes
In Canada, groups generally considered to be equity-denied groups include women, Indigenous people, people with disabilities, people who are part of LGBTQ2+ communities, religious minority groups and racialized people. The types of equity-denied groups may vary based on factors such as geography, sociocultural context or the presence of specific subpopulations.
Some people may prefer the term "equity-deserving group" because it highlights the fact that equity should be achieved from a systemic, cultural or societal change and the burden of seeking equity should not be placed on the group. Others argue that this term could be seen to imply that not all people are deserving of equity.
Some people may prefer the term "equity-seeking group" because it highlights the actions of the communities that fight for equal access to resources and opportunities by actively seeking social justice and reparation.
The term "equity-seeking group" is defined in the context of public service staffing in the Public Service Employment Act.
Not to be confused with "designated groups" as defined in the Employment Equity Act, which are women, Indigenous people, persons with disabilities and members of visible minorities.
See also
- marginalized group
- under-represented group
- equity
- systemic discrimination
ethnic group
Terms
- ethnic group (noun)
- race [1] (noun)
Definition
A group of people with a common history, heritage or ancestry and shared cultural, linguistic or religious characteristics.
Notes
The use of the term "ethnic group" is preferred to "race" to refer to this concept even though both terms have long been used to mean the same thing.
Not to be confused with the term "race" meaning a group of people sharing common physical characteristics.
See also
- ethnicity
- race [2]
ethnicity
Terms
- ethnicity (noun)
Definition
The shared cultural, linguistic or religious characteristics of a group of people having a common history, heritage or ancestry.
See also
- ethnic group
ethnic origin
Terms
- ethnic origin (noun)
- cultural origin (noun)
Definition
A person's ancestral origin.
Notes
In Canada, the term "ethnic origin" in this sense is used in statistics to gather information about cultural communities and develop government programs, policies, services or other initiatives.
A person's declared ethnic origin can vary depending on their understanding of the concept, their knowledge of their family background, the social context in which they are asked to determine their origin, or how long ago their ancestors immigrated.
A person can have more than one ethnic origin. Examples of ethnic origins include Canadian, Scottish, German, Haitian, Chinese, Pakistani, Somalian, Egyptian, Brazilian, Ukrainian and South African.
Not to be confused with "ethnicity," which refers to shared cultural characteristics and a common background.
See also
- ethnicity
F
First Nation person
Terms
- First Nation person (noun, Canada)
- Indian [1] (avoid, noun, Canada)
Definition
In Canada, an Indigenous person who is part of a First Nation or whose ancestors were part of a First Nation.
Notes
A First Nation person can be a Status or Non-Status Indian.
The term "Indian" refers to the legal identity of a First Nation person who is registered under the Indian Act and should therefore only be used in the context of the Indian Act or in specific historical contexts, as it is considered offensive and outdated. However, a First Nation person may choose to refer to themselves as an Indian regardless of context.
The plural form of "First Nation" is used in expressions such as "First Nations persons" or "First Nations people" to highlight the fact that the individuals in a group may come from different First Nations.
The term "First Nation member" is mainly used in the field of government administration and usually refers to a First Nation person who is listed as a member in a registry. It can be inaccurate to refer to the concept of "First Nation person."
It is always best to refer to a person or group of people from a specific First Nation by naming the First Nation in question.
See also
- Indigenous person
- Métis [1]
- Inuk
- Indian [2]
- First Nations
First Nations
Terms
- First Nations (plural noun, Canada)
Definition
In Canada, an Indigenous grouping composed of many different nations having their own origin, history and culture, and whose members have called North America home for thousands of years.
Notes
First Nations include Status and Non-Status Indians.
First Nations are one of the three legally recognized Indigenous Peoples in Canada.
See also
- First Nation person
- Indian [2]
- Inuit
- Métis [2]
functional limitation
Terms
- functional limitation (noun)
Definition
A partial or full reduction in a person's ability to perform an activity in a manner or within the range considered normal because of an impairment.
See also
- disability
G
gender
Terms
- gender (noun)
Definition
The behavioural, cultural and psychological traits associated with an array of gender identities, including female or male, in a given society.
Notes
Gender influences how people perceive themselves and each other. It refers not only to physical, psychological, behavioural and other differences, but also to the meanings and values society associates with male and female, that is, the idea that people have specific social roles and skills because of their sex.
While sex refers to a set of anatomical and physiological characteristics, gender refers to a social construct, and goes beyond the traditionally understood binary concept that there are only two genders (male, female) and that a person's sex assigned at birth aligns with their gender identity.
See also
- sex
- gender identity
- gender expression
Gender-based Analysis Plus
Terms
- Gender-based Analysis Plus (noun, Canada)
- GBA Plus (noun, Canada)
- GBA+ (former designation, noun, Canada)
Definition
An analytical approach used to assess the potential effects policies, programs and initiatives may have on diverse groups of people.
Notes
The word "Plus" in the term is used to show that the analysis goes beyond biological (sex) and sociocultural (gender) differences to consider other factors that intersect to determine individual identity. These factors may include ethnicity, religion, age and disability.
The abbreviation "GBA+" was replaced by "GBA Plus" in June 2021.
The term "Sex and Gender-based Analysis Plus" is sometimes used in a health context.
gender expression
Terms
- gender expression (noun)
Definition
The ways in which people present and communicate their gender identity.
Notes
Gender can be expressed, for example, through behaviour, clothing, hair, voice and other aspects of physical appearance. These may or may not conform to societal expectations regarding gender.
See also
- gender
gender identity
Terms
- gender identity (noun)
Definition
A person's internal and deeply felt sense of being a man, a woman, both, neither, or somewhere along the gender spectrum.
Notes
A person's gender identity may or may not align with the sex they were assigned at birth. Gender identity is not necessarily visible and has nothing to do with sexual orientation. It can be static or fluid.
See also
- gender
H
harassment
Terms
- harassment (noun)
Definition
Behaviour that is characterized by the recurrence of unpleasant or unwanted acts or comments that are demeaning, belittling, humiliating, intimidating or threatening to a person, and that cause them distress.
Notes
Although harassment usually involves a recurrence of acts or comments, a single serious incident can sometimes be considered as harassment.
Usage examples
- sexual harassment
- workplace harassment
See also
- discrimination
- microaggression
historical trauma
Terms
- historical trauma (noun)
- historic trauma (noun)
Definition
A trauma experienced collectively by a group of people sharing a common identity, caused by the oppression of this group through one or more events in the past, and that is usually characterized by the persistence of social and health problems in this group across several generations.
homophobia
Terms
- homophobia (noun)
Definition
The disdain for, or fear or hatred of homosexual people or people perceived as homosexual that leads to discrimination or hostility towards them.
I
identity-first language
Terms
- identity-first language (noun)
Definition
The written or verbal means of expression that communicates the identity of a person by putting emphasis on an impairment, disease, state or disorder being integral to the person's identity.
Notes
Expressions such as "disabled person," "autistic person," "blind person" and "deaf person" are examples of identity-first language.
Identity-first language is contrasted with person-first language, which puts emphasis on a person as an individual rather than on their impairment, disease, state or disorder.
There is no universally agreed-upon approach when referring to disabled people. Because some disabled people prefer identity-first language and others prefer person-first language, it is always best to ask a disabled person how they prefer to be referred to.
See also
- person-first language
inclusion
Terms
- inclusion (noun)
Definition
The practice of using proactive measures to create an environment where people feel welcomed, respected and valued, and to foster a sense of belonging and engagement.
Notes
This practice involves changing the environment by removing barriers so that each person has equal access to opportunities and resources and can achieve their full potential.
inclusive language
Terms
- inclusive language (noun)
Definition
A means of communication that is used to treat people with respect, and that involves using words and expressions that are not considered discriminatory or offensive, and that do not imply the exclusion or stereotyping of particular groups of people.
inclusive workplace
Terms
- inclusive workplace (noun)
Definition
In an organization, a work environment where the differences in the identities, abilities, backgrounds, cultures, skills, experiences and perspectives of employees are recognized, valued and leveraged by management and coworkers, which fosters a sense of belonging and involvement for all employees.
Indian [2]
Terms
- Indian [2] (noun)
Definition
The legal identity of a First Nation person registered under the Indian Act.
Notes
The term "Indian" is to be avoided unless it is used in the context of the Indian Act or in specific historical contexts, as it is considered offensive and outdated.
Only members of First Nations can be considered Indians under the Indian Act. Métis and Inuit are considered Indigenous Peoples in Canada under certain provisions of the Constitution Act, 1982, but they are not considered Indians under the Indian Act.
See also
- First Nation person
- Indigenous person
- Inuk
- Métis [1]
indigenization
Terms
- indigenization (noun)
Definition
The integration of Indigenous worldviews, knowledge and perspectives into the structures of an institution.
Notes
Indigenization should be led by Indigenous people. It allows for the recognition that Indigenous and non-Indigenous worldviews, knowledge and perspectives are of equal value.
There is no single Indigenous worldview; although there may be common points, the worldviews of different Indigenous nations or communities vary from one to another.
See also
- decolonization
- reconciliation
Indigenous person
Terms
- Indigenous person (noun, Canada)
- Aboriginal person (noun, Canada)
- Native person (avoid, noun, Canada)
- Native (avoid, noun, Canada)
- Aboriginal (avoid, noun, Canada)
Definition
A person who belongs to one of the three Indigenous Peoples in Canada, namely, First Nations, Inuit or Métis.
Notes
Some Indigenous persons in Canada may choose to refer to themselves as "a Native person" or "a Native"; however, the use of these terms by non-Indigenous people is seen as derogatory.
The term "Aboriginal" used as a noun can be offensive and should be avoided.
See also
- First Nation person
- Inuk
- Métis [1]
- Indian [2]
Indigiqueer
Terms
- Indigiqueer (adjective)
- Indigequeer (adjective)
Definition
Referring to an Indigenous person whose gender identity does not align with their sex assigned at birth, or whose sexual orientation falls outside heterosexuality.
Notes
The terms "Indigiqueer" and "Indigequeer" are used by some Indigenous people from LGBTQ2+ communities who do not identify with the dual gender implied in the term "Two-Spirit." They are a blend of the terms "Indigenous" and "queer."
See also
- Two-Spirit
- LGBTQ2+
intersectionality
Terms
- intersectionality (noun)
Definition
An analytical framework for understanding how aspects of a person's identity (for example, sex, gender, age, ethnicity, class, religion, sexual orientation, ability) combine to create particular forms of discrimination and privilege.
Notes
This framework helps to better understand the cumulative effects of different forms of oppression (for example, racism, sexism, homophobia).
Members of marginalized groups are more likely to face discrimination and prejudice as a result of the interaction of different aspects of their identity.
This concept was coined by American lawyer and law professor Kimberlé Crenshaw in the late 1980s to explain how race intersects with gender to produce unique barriers.
Inuit
Terms
- Inuit (plural noun, Canada)
Definition
In Canada, an Indigenous People that inhabits or that traditionally inhabited the northern regions and Arctic coasts of Canada known as Inuit Nunangat, and whose members are united by a common origin, history and culture.
Notes
Inuit are one of the three legally recognized Indigenous Peoples in Canada.
Because in Inuktitut the noun "Inuit" is already plural in form, it is used in English without the English plural ending "s."
Since the term "Inuit" means "the people," the use of "the" and "people" is redundant and should be avoided in expressions such as "the Inuit" and "Inuit people."
See also
- First Nations
- Métis [2]
- Inuk
Inuk
Terms
- Inuk (noun, Canada)
Definition
In Canada, an Indigenous person who inhabits, or whose ancestors traditionally inhabited, the northern regions and Arctic coasts of Canada known as Inuit Nunangat.
Notes
The plural of "Inuk" is "Inuit." Because in Inuktitut the noun "Inuit" is already plural in form, it is used in English without the English plural ending "s." The plural form "Inuuk" is also used when referring to two people.
See also
- Indigenous person
- First Nation person
- Métis [1]
- Inuit
Islamophobia
Terms
- Islamophobia (noun)
Definition
The fear or hatred of the religion of Islam or of Muslims that leads to discrimination, prejudice or hostility towards Muslims.
Notes
Islamophobia leads not only to acts of intolerance and racial profiling, but also to viewing and treating Muslims as a security threat.
L
LGBTQ2+
Terms
- LGBTQ2+ (adjective)
- lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, Two-Spirit and others (adjective phrase)
- lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, Two-Spirit and others (adjective phrase)
Notes
The symbol "+" represents the wide spectrum of gender identities, sexual orientations and romantic orientations not explicitly named.
Other letters or symbols are sometimes added to reflect different realities of sexual and gender diversity, for example, "I" for "intersex" or "A" for "asexual." Certain words can be abbreviated differently; for example, "Two-Spirit" can be abbreviated as "2S." The choice of letters or symbols and the order in which they are presented could differ depending on the context and the audience.
When there are two "Q"s in the abbreviation, the second "Q" stands for "questioning."
Some examples of possible abbreviations include: LGBT, LGBTI, LGBTQ, LGBTQ2, LGBTQ2S, LGBTQ2IA, LGBTQ2IA+, 2SLGBTQIA+, 2SLGBTQQIA+.
The terms that make up the abbreviations are defined in the Translation Bureau's Gender and Sexual Diversity Glossary.
linguistic discrimination
Terms
- linguistic discrimination (noun)
- language discrimination (noun)
- language-based discrimination (noun)
Definition
Discrimination against a person or group of people because of their language or the way they speak a language.
Notes
A person may be subject to linguistic discrimination for a variety of reasons, including their accent, vocabulary or syntax, the fact that they use a form of the dominant language that is considered inferior (for example, a dialect), or because they speak a language that is different from that spoken by the majority.
In a linguistic minority situation, a person may choose not to speak the language that is the subject of discrimination or may try to change their accent to avoid ridicule and exclusion. In some cases, people whose language is not the "standard" or dominant language may be disadvantaged in their career or education.
See also
- discrimination
lived experience
Terms
- lived experience (noun)
Definition
The events in a person's life that lead to an intimate familiarity with a given subject.
Notes
A person's lived experience can be considered a significant source of knowledge for other people.
M
marginalization
Terms
- marginalization (noun)
Definition
The process where a person or group of people is excluded from full and meaningful participation in society, typically through discrimination or other means of oppression, resulting in reduced access to resources, opportunities and services.
Notes
Marginalization can occur on the basis of factors such as race, ethnicity, sex, gender, ability, age, religion, socioeconomic status, social class and geographic location.
marginalized group
Terms
- marginalized group (noun)
Definition
A group of people that is excluded from full and meaningful participation in society, typically through discrimination or other means of oppression.
Notes
Members of a marginalized group have reduced access to resources, opportunities and services.
A group of people can be marginalized on the basis of factors such as race, ethnicity, sex, gender, ability, age, religion, socioeconomic status, social class and geographic location.
See also
- under-represented group
- equity-denied group
members of visible minorities
Terms
- members of visible minorities (plural noun phrase)
- visible minorities (plural noun)
Definition
Persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.Source 1 for term members of visible minorities
Notes
Although the terms "members of visible minorities" and "visible minorities" are used in legal and statistical contexts in Canada, they are considered outdated and can be inaccurate in a general context as they do not always reflect provincial, territorial or other regional demographic compositions in Canada. Also, the word "visible" suggests that being white is the standard and the word "minority" limits the concept to numbers, when it is in fact more often about the power that is held by a dominant group. In general contexts, it is preferable to use the term "racialized group."
It is widely recognized that certain terms used in the Employment Equity Act are outdated. The Act is currently under modernization review by the Employment Equity Act Review Task Force.
See also
- racialized group
mental disorder
Terms
- mental disorder (noun)
- mental health disorder (noun)
- mental illness (noun)
Definition
A disorder characterized by a disruption in mental processes, mood or behaviour that generally causes distress or impairs a person's functioning in various areas of their life.
Notes
A person's strong emotional response to a difficult life event, such as the death of a loved one, is not necessarily indicative of a mental disorder. However, such events can increase a person's risk of developing one.
Examples of mental disorders include depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders and eating disorders.
See also
- mental health
mental health
Terms
- mental health (noun)
Definition
A person's psychological and emotional well-being, usually characterized by their ability to meet their own needs, pursue their interests, achieve their goals and cope with the various stressors of life.
See also
- mental disorder
Métis [1]
Terms
- Métis [1] (noun, Canada)
- Metis [1] (noun, Canada)
Definition
In Canada, a person who has mixed First Nations and European ancestry and who self-identifies as Métis.
Notes
Métis self-identification is often controversial, and not all people who identify as Métis are necessarily accepted as members of the Métis Nation.
Many people and groups, particularly in the West and the North, have dropped the accent from Métis. Both spellings are acceptable in English; however, it is always best to ask which spelling the people and groups prefer.
See also
- Indigenous person
- First Nation person
- Inuk
- Métis [2]
Métis [2]
Terms
- Métis [2] (plural noun, Canada)
- Metis [2] (plural noun, Canada)
Definition
In Canada, an Indigenous People whose members are of mixed First Nations and European ancestry, are united by a common origin, history and culture, and are generally accepted by the Métis Nation.
Notes
The Métis as a people came to be in the 18th century mainly with the development of the fur trade in west central North America. The mixing of the First Nations and European populations led to a growing number of mixed descendants. These descendants established distinct communities and married among themselves. A new Indigenous People emerged with its own culture, traditions, languages and nationhood.
Métis are one of the three legally recognized Indigenous Peoples in Canada and are rights holders under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.
Many people and groups, particularly in the West and the North, have dropped the accent from Métis. Both spellings are acceptable in English; however, it is always best to ask which spelling the people and groups prefer.
See also
- First Nations
- Inuit
- Métis [1]
microaggression
Terms
- microaggression (noun)
Definition
A comment or action that is regarded as subtly expressing prejudice against a person or group of people.
Notes
Microaggressions are generally indirect and can be unintentional. Members of marginalized or minority groups are often the subjects of microaggressions.
minority
Terms
- minority (noun)
- minority group (noun)
Definition
A group of people who share characteristics differing from those of the majority or dominant population, and who often experience discrimination or exclusion.
Notes
The term "minority" is not universally accepted because it is usually understood as limiting the concept to numbers, when it is in fact more often about the power that is held by a dominant group.
model minority
Terms
- model minority (noun)
Definition
A minority that is perceived to have successfully integrated into society, particularly in academic, economic or cultural fields, especially in comparison to other minorities.
Notes
The concept of a model minority may seem positive, but it carries negative connotations. Because it stems from stereotypes based on ethnic or racial characteristics, it erases the individuality of those within the group as well as the discrimination faced by its members. For example, certain Asian groups are stereotypically considered to excel at mathematics and science. This stereotype puts undue pressure on those belonging to these groups as the expectations of their successes in these fields are higher than for members of other groups. Such stereotypes can also lead to different minorities being pitted against each other because their successes are not measured in the same way.
Usage examples
- model minority myth
- model minority stereotype
N
neurodivergence
Terms
- neurodivergence (noun)
Definition
A departure from what is considered typical in a person's neurological function or behavioural traits.
Notes
Neurodivergence can be innate or acquired through alterations in brain functioning caused by trauma or other experiences.
Examples of neurodivergence include autism, dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
See also
- neurodivergent
- neurodiversity
neurodivergent
Terms
- neurodivergent (adjective)
Definition
Referring to a person with neurological functioning or behavioural traits that differ from what is considered typical.
Notes
For example, people with autism, dyslexia or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are considered neurodivergent.
The term "neurodiverse" is often mistakenly used to refer to a neurodivergent person. However, "neurodiverse" refers to the variety of neurological traits possessed by a group. Therefore, a person cannot be neurodiverse.
See also
- neurodivergence
- neurodiversity
neurodiversity
Terms
- neurodiversity (noun)
Definition
The variation in neurological functioning and behavioural traits considered as a normal phenomenon in the human population.
Notes
The concept of neurodiversity is inclusive as it encompasses both neurodivergent and neurotypical people.
See also
- neurodivergence
- neurodivergent
non-Indigenous person
Terms
- non-Indigenous person (noun, Canada)
- non-Aboriginal person (noun, Canada)
- non-Native person (avoid, noun, Canada)
Definition
In Canada, a person who is not of Indigenous origin, that is, who does not belong to one of the three Indigenous Peoples, namely, First Nations, Inuit or Métis.
Notes
Some people refer to non-Indigenous people as settlers. It is an accepted practice in academic communities for a person to refer to themselves as a settler to not only acknowledge that they are not Indigenous, but that they are also on colonized land.
The term "non-Native person" should not be used by a non-Indigenous person as it is seen as derogatory.
See also
- Indigenous person
- First Nation person
- Métis [1]
- Inuk
O
official-language minority community
Terms
- official-language minority community (noun)
- OLMC (noun)
- official-language minority (noun)
Definition
A group of people whose first language or chosen language is an official language of a country, but is not the official language predominantly spoken in the geographic area where they live.
Notes
In Canada, official-language minority communities are mainly French-speaking people living outside the province of Quebec and English-speaking people living in the province of Quebec.
oppression
Terms
- oppression (noun)
Definition
The act of subjecting a person or group of people to undue authority in an unjust or cruel manner.
P
person-first language
Terms
- person-first language (noun)
- people-first language (noun)
Definition
The written or verbal means of expression that communicates the identity of a person by putting emphasis on the person as an individual rather than on their impairment, disease, state or disorder.
Notes
Expressions such as "person with a disability," "person with autism," "person who is blind" and "person who is deaf" are examples of person-first language.
Person-first language is contrasted with identity-first language, which puts emphasis on an impairment, disease, state or disorder being integral to a person's identity.
There is no universally agreed-upon approach when referring to people with disabilities. Because some people with disabilities prefer person-first language and others prefer identity-first language, it is always best to ask a person with a disability how they prefer to be referred to.
In English, person-first language is usually used in administrative documents and in laws.
See also
- identity-first language
person of colour
Terms
- person of colour (noun)
- non-white person (noun)
- non-white (noun)
Definition
A person who is especially of African, Asian or mixed racial or ethnic descent.
Notes
Although the words "of colour" in the term "person of colour" refer to skin colour, a person may be viewed as a person of colour on the basis of other physical characteristics such as hair texture or facial features.
Although the term "person of colour" is frequently used in verbal and written communication, its use is not universally accepted. Some people believe that its plural form, "people of colour," is an inclusive term used to forge solidarity, whereas others believe that it lumps together and blurs the distinct identities of all non-white people.
Some people prefer the term "person of colour" over "non-white person," or vice versa, for various reasons. For example, the term "person of colour" implies that "white" is not a colour, while the term "non-white person" implies that being a white person is the norm.
The term "person of colour" is generally used in a society composed predominantly of white people.
The noun "non-white" referring to a person is usually used in the plural form and typically in the context of population groups.
See also
- Black, Indigenous and people of colour
- racialized
person with a disability
Terms
- person with a disability (noun phrase)
- disabled person (noun)
- handicapped person (avoid, noun, obsolete)
Definition
A person with a physical, mental, intellectual, cognitive, sensory, learning or communication impairment, or a functional limitation, whether apparent or not, and permanent, temporary or episodic in nature, that hinders their full and equal participation in society when they face a barrier.
Notes
The plural form of "disability" is used in expressions such as "persons with disabilities" or "people with disabilities" to highlight the variety of disabilities present within a group.
The use of the adjective "handicapped" in the term "handicapped person" is considered to be outdated and can be considered offensive.
The term used in the Accessible Canada Act is "person with a disability."
See also
- disability
- barrier
- systemic barrier
privilege
Terms
- privilege (noun)
Definition
The advantages enjoyed by a person or group of people as a result of their membership in a given social group or category.
Usage examples
- gender privilege
- linguistic privilege
- racial privilege
- socioeconomic privilege
R
race [2]
Terms
- race [2] (noun)
Definition
A group of people who are arbitrarily categorized according to common physical characteristics, regardless of language, culture or nationality.
Notes
The concept of race has long since been used to establish differences between groups of people, often according to a hierarchy. It focuses on identifiable physical characteristics, such as skin colour, hair texture and facial features.
There is no scientific basis for the concept of race.
Refusing to talk about race could imply that racism and its consequences do not exist.
Not to be confused with the term "race" used to mean "ethnic group," which refers to a group of people with shared cultural, linguistic or religious characteristics.
See also
- ethnic group
racialization
Terms
- racialization (noun)
Definition
The sociocultural process of categorizing people according to ethnic or racial characteristics and subjecting them to discrimination on that basis.
Notes
Ethnic characteristics include culture, language and religion. Racial characteristics include skin colour, hair texture and facial features.
Racialization occurs when races are seen as real, different and unequal in ways that negatively impact people in their social, political and economic lives.
There is no scientific basis for the concept of race.
See also
- racialized
- racialized group
racialized
Terms
- racialized (adjective)
Definition
Referring to a person or group of people categorized according to ethnic or racial characteristics and subjected to discrimination on that basis.
Notes
Ethnic characteristics include culture, language and religion. Racial characteristics include skin colour, hair texture and facial features.
The use of the term "racialized" acknowledges that race is a social construct that negatively impacts a person's social, political and economic life.
There is no scientific basis for the concept of race.
See also
- racialization
- racialized group
racialized group
Terms
- racialized group (noun)
- racialized minority (noun)
Definition
A group of people categorized according to ethnic or racial characteristics and subjected to discrimination on that basis.
Notes
Ethnic characteristics include culture, language and religion. Racial characteristics include skin colour, hair texture and facial features.
The use of the term "racialized" acknowledges that race is a social construct that negatively impacts a person's social, political and economic life.
The term "racialized group" is preferred since the word "minority" in the term "racialized minority" is usually understood as limiting the concept to numbers, when it is in fact more often about the power that is held by a dominant group.
The terms "racialized group" and "racialized minority" are often used as synonyms of "members of visible minorities" in the meaning of the Employment Equity Act. However, the concept of "racialized group" encompasses more than what is defined in the Act.
See also
- members of visible minorities
- racialization
- racialized
racism [1]
Terms
- racism [1] (noun)
Definition
An ideology that establishes a hierarchy between races or ethnic groups.
Notes
There is no scientific basis for the concept of race.
See also
- racism [2]
- race [2]
- ethnic group
racism [2]
Terms
- racism [2] (noun)
Definition
Prejudice, hostility, discrimination, and even violence, whether conscious or not, against persons of a specific race or ethnic group.
Notes
Racism can be manifested through individual actions or systemic or institutional practices.
Racism also manifests itself in more subtle ways. It can, for example, happen in the form of discrimination based on the idea that certain cultures cannot be assimilated into the dominant or majority culture.
There is no scientific basis for the concept of race.
Usage examples
- anti-Arab racism
- anti-Asian racism
- anti-Black racism
- anti-Indigenous racism
See also
- systemic racism
- racism [1]
- race [2]
- ethnic group
reconciliation
Terms
- reconciliation (noun)
Definition
In the context of Crown-Indigenous relations, the process of repairing and improving relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples and governments. The acknowledgement of the past and present effects of colonialism in Canada is essential to this process.
Notes
In order for reconciliation to move forward, concrete actions must be taken by non-Indigenous people, governments and institutions to correct the historical and ongoing wrongs done to Indigenous Peoples.
First Nations, Inuit and Métis may have different perspectives on reconciliation, as these Peoples have not had the same experiences with colonialism.
See also
- indigenization
- decolonization
S
safe space
Terms
- safe space (noun)
Definition
A physical or virtual space or environment where people can express themselves and share experiences without fear of discrimination, judgment, conflict, criticism, harassment or repercussions.
Notes
A safe space can be created for a particular purpose and is meant to be rooted in empathy and support.
A safe space can have as few as two people or can include all the members of a team, network, department or organization.
self-identification
Terms
- self-identification (noun)
Definition
A person's own assertion of belonging to a certain group or category of people.
sex
Terms
- sex (noun)
- biological sex (noun)
Definition
A defined set of anatomical and physiological characteristics, including chromosomes, gene expression, hormones, and reproductive or sexual anatomy.
Notes
Sex is usually categorized as female or male, but there is variation in the biological attributes that comprise sex and how those attributes appear. Often a person with these variations is characterized or self-identifies as intersex.
While sex refers to a set of anatomical and physiological characteristics, gender refers to a social construct.
For some people, sex is not static and can change in the course of a person's life.
See also
- gender
- sex assigned at birth
sex assigned at birth
Terms
- sex assigned at birth (noun phrase)
- SAAB (noun)
- birth-assigned sex (noun)
- assigned sex (noun)
Definition
The sex assigned to a person at birth according to a set of medical standards, usually based on the person's external genitalia.
Notes
Sex assigned at birth may also be understood as the sex recorded, for example, on a person's birth certificate.
Assigning sex at birth is not common to all cultures.
See also
- sex
sexism
Terms
- sexism (noun)
Definition
Discrimination based on sex or on stereotypes related to gender, typically towards women.
sexual orientation
Terms
- sexual orientation (noun)
Definition
The physical or emotional attraction to people based on their sex, gender identity or gender expression.
Notes
Sexual orientation is not a choice, but a fundamental part of a person's identity. It may change over time.
A person may identify as lesbian, gay, heterosexual, bisexual, queer, pansexual or asexual, among others.
stigmatization
Terms
- stigmatization (noun)
Definition
The act of associating a person with an attribute that is negatively perceived in society in a way that reduces the person to that attribute.
Notes
Stigmatization can occur on the basis of factors such as mental disorder, health, socioeconomic status, family status, disability, gender, sexual orientation, race, religion and culture.
People who experience stigmatization may face social disapproval, loss of or diminished status, marginalization, humiliation or discrimination.
systemic barrier
Terms
- systemic barrier (noun)
Definition
A barrier that results from seemingly neutral systems, practices, policies, traditions or cultures, and that disadvantages certain individuals or groups of people.
Notes
Systemic barriers disadvantage minority groups, racialized groups, people with disabilities, people from LGBTQ2+ communities, Indigenous people and other marginalized people and groups.
Systemic barriers are present in all aspects of society such as employment, education, institutions and health services.
Systemic barriers are not necessarily put in place intentionally.
See also
- barrier
systemic discrimination
Terms
- systemic discrimination (noun)
Definition
Discrimination created and maintained by the seemingly neutral practices, policies, procedures and cultures of organizations and government structures.
See also
- discrimination
systemic racism
Terms
- systemic racism (noun)
Definition
The discriminatory treatment of certain groups of people based on their race or ethnicity, caused and maintained by the apparently neutral practices, policies, procedures and cultures of organizations and government structures.
Notes
With systemic racism, recurring discriminatory behaviours are the result of an underlying structure, a system with roots that are long-standing and well integrated in society. The acceptance and trivialization of these discriminatory practices within organizations often make systemic racism difficult to detect and dismantle. Systemic racism also seeps into culture, particularly through stereotypes that lead to discrimination. It can therefore be perpetuated by individual behaviour, such as word choices, opinions and gestures.
This system of inequality grants privileges to people from the dominant group and undermines the rights of those from racialized groups.
See also
- racism [2]
T
territorial acknowledgement
Terms
- territorial acknowledgement (noun)
- land acknowledgement (noun)
- territory acknowledgement (noun)
Definition
A statement recognizing that a person or group of people is on a territory currently or historically occupied by an Indigenous community and to which this community has spiritual, cultural or economic connections.
Notes
These statements are usually made towards the beginning of gatherings or official events as a sign of recognition and respect for Indigenous communities.
See also
- traditional territory
- unceded
tokenism
Terms
- tokenism (noun)
Definition
The practice of integrating people from minority or under-represented groups into a group or organization in order to appear inclusive or avoid accusations of discrimination.
Notes
People affected by tokenism may feel pressure to represent or speak on behalf of an entire group, as well as doubt their competence and the real reason they were hired or included in the group.
traditional territory
Terms
- traditional territory (noun)
Definition
Land identified by an Indigenous community as the territory it has historically occupied and used, and to which it still has spiritual, cultural and economic connections.
Notes
The traditional territories of Indigenous communities may overlap each other.
See also
- territorial acknowledgement
- unceded
transphobia
Terms
- transphobia (noun)
Definition
The disdain for or hatred of transgender people or people perceived as transgender that leads to discrimination or hostility towards them.
Two-Spirit
Terms
- Two-Spirit (adjective)
- 2-Spirit (adjective)
Definition
Referring to an Indigenous person in North America who embodies both female and male spirits or whose gender identity, sexual orientation or spiritual identity is not limited by the male/female dichotomy.
Notes
Indigenous views of gender are based on a person's spirit rather than on their physical being.
Before colonization, Two-Spirit people played a spiritual or other important role in their community. In many Indigenous cultures in North America, they were honoured and revered since they could move between the spirit and physical worlds and between genders. Today, many people associate the term "Two-Spirit" with this meaning.
The term "Two-Spirit" is used to reflect one of the many understandings of gender and sexuality in Indigenous cultures. Some Indigenous communities use other terms with specific meanings to refer to a person's role in their culture based on their gender identity or sexual orientation.
Not all Indigenous people from LGBTQ2+ communities identify as Two-Spirit.
A person who is not of Indigenous descent should not self-identify as Two-Spirit.
The term "Two-Spirit" was first introduced at the third annual intertribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian Conference in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1990, and is a rough translation of the Anishinaabemowin (the Ojibwe language) word "niizh-manidoowag."
See also
- Indigiqueer
- LGBTQ2+
U
unceded
Terms
- unceded (adjective)
- non-ceded (adjective)
Definition
Referring to traditional or ancestral land never transferred to the Crown or to the Government of Canada by an Indigenous community by means of a treaty or other agreement.
Usage examples
- unceded land
- unceded territory
- unceded traditional territory
See also
- traditional territory
- territorial acknowledgement
unconscious bias
Terms
- unconscious bias (noun)
- implicit bias (noun)
- unconscious prejudice (noun)
- implicit prejudice (noun)
Definition
A bias that a person has without them realizing it.
See also
- bias
under-represented group
Terms
- under-represented group (noun)
Definition
A group of people whose representation within a given subgroup of society is lower than its representation in the general population.
Notes
For example, if a group of people represents 20% of the general population but only 10% of the employees in a given field of employment, it is considered to be an under-represented group in that employment field.
Groups generally considered to be under-represented include women, people with disabilities, Indigenous people, members of LGBTQ2+ communities and racialized groups.
Under-represented groups often face systemic barriers.
See also
- equity-denied group
- marginalized group
V
W
white person
Terms
- white person (noun)
- white (noun, less frequent)
- Caucasian (avoid, noun)
Definition
A person belonging to one of the population groups of especially European ancestry that are often considered as having light pigmentation of skin.
Notes
Although the noun "Caucasian" is sometimes used in North America to refer to a white person, this term refers to an obsolete and scientifically unfounded human classification system dating from the 18th century. The noun "Caucasian" used to mean "white person" should therefore be avoided.
Several North American English style guides recommend using the lowercase noun and adjective "white" when referring to people, citing among several reasons that there is no widespread championing to capitalize the term as there has been for the noun and adjective "Black." The use of the upper case noun and adjective "White" is, however, still present.
The noun "white" referring to a person is usually used in the plural form and typically in the context of population groups.
X
xenophobia
Terms
- xenophobia (noun)
Definition
The fear or hatred of people, cultures or customs that are foreign, or perceived to be foreign, that leads to discrimination or acts of hostility towards these people.
Bibliography
References are presented in the language in which they were consulted at the time this guide was prepared. A reference available only in French is accompanied by a notice.
The hyperlinks provided below were active when this guide was established. Broken links (that no longer work) have been deactivated.
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